A unified high accuracy behavioral SPICE macromodel of operational amplifiers featuring the frequency, temperature and power supply influences and the Monte Carlo simulation

The aim of this paper is to present a new analog behavioral SPICE macromodeling technique of the operational amplifiers, based on a direct implementation of their time and frequency domain internal equations with nonlinear controlled voltage and current sources. It greatly increases the simulation accuracy by considering the high order poles and zeros of the differential and common mode gains, as well as of the input and output impedances. Also the macromodel includes the temperature dependencies of the main op amp electrical parameters and it considers their tolerances for the Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed behavioral macromodel is a unified one, valid for all the existing op amp technologies and it is portable easily in all the modern SPICE simulators that support the Analog Behavioral Macromodeling facilities. It is made only of passive elements and controlled sources, and thus it leads to a very low computation time, with no convergence problems. It uses directly the common data-sheets specifications as model parameters and thus eliminates the time consuming model calibration step