Lightning and surge protection of substations

The problems confronting protection systems engineers are defined, the protection systems conventionally used are reviewed, and two new protective systems-the Dissipation Array System (DAS) and the series hybrid forms of surge protection-are defined. The DAS has been in use for over 19 years as a strike preventer. The series hybrid protection concept is new to substation applications, but has been in use at secondary levels of up to 2500 V for approximately 15 years. As a result, lightning or other forms of transient phenomena do not need to be a threat to substations or drive up the overall costs