Raptor electrocutions-emerging issues [overhead power distribution]

The electrocution of raptors and larger perching birds is a hazard of overhead distribution construction, especially in the Western United States where poles in treeless areas make attractive perches. Disturbed by the continuing large numbers of raptors, particularly eagles, electrocuted along power lines, the US Fish and Wildlife (SFWS) has begun to step up enforcement of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (BGEPA). Electrocution hazards can be greatly reduced through modifications to existing design standards. However, most modifications in North America are designed for use on wood poles and crossarms. As other materials (e.g. fiberglass, concrete and steel poles) are used as an alternative to wood, construction techniques should adhere to established engineering criteria and still provide state-of-the-art raptor protection. Because steel and reinforced concrete poles are more conductive than wood or fiberglass, additional mitigating measures are often required to provide adequate raptor protection. Additional construction methods typically include the use of fiberglass poletop pin extensions, poletop caps to exclude perching, nonconductive crossarms, and pole top insulating material and covers