Rate-independent delay across state-reduced networks

Two techniques have been proposed in the literature to improve the scalability of QoS scheduling in the core of the Internet: flow aggregation and dynamic packet scheduling (DPS). These techniques reduce or eliminate the amount of state maintained by each router in a core network. Flow aggregation combines multiple individual flows into a single aggregate flow (and thus reducing the per-flow state of the routers), while DPS stores in the packet header all the information required to compute the deadline of the packet at each intermediate router (and thus maintains no per-flow state).