Implementation of multi-hop routing protocols for the dramatic range enhancement of wireless sensor networks

In this paper, both general and routing-specific constraints and requirements that have to be satisfied during the design of wireless sensor networks are presented. The need for emergence of efficient protocols, especially those related to network layer, is stressed. A classification of the state-of-the-art routing techniques is also presented along with a benchmarking evaluation in terms of power requirements and range enhancement for ldquoruggedrdquo wireless sensor networks.