A unique art purifying the atomic scale, zone selective, and quantitative information of bonding and electronic dynamics at sites surrounding defects, surfaces, and interfaces

With the theory enabled technology, we have been able to purify information from zones up to two atomic spacings regarding the evolution of the bond length, bond strength, energy density, and the energetic behavior of the localized core and valence electrons by filtering out the bulk and background information, which enabled us to identify the direction of charge flow in the catalytic reactions between the gaseous specimens and the Rh and Pt adatoms catalysts, and between the gaseous specimens and the CuPd and AgPd nanoalloys. With the special technique, we have also been able to clarify that the Dirac-Fermi polarons detected using STM/S as high protrusions with resonance at Fermi energy as arising from the polarization of the unpaired dangling-bond electrons by the undercoordination-induced local densification and quantum entrapment of the energetically low-lying electrons, which in turn screen and split the crystal potential adding another extra component in the upper edge of the core band.