Wave breaking characteristics estimated from wave staff measurements

Radar signals are scattered by short scale roughness elements of the sea surface. These features depend on wind, sea state and other parameters. The dynamical behaviour of this roughness provides the basis of oceanographic radar remote sensing. Sonar signals are also scattered by short waves causing reverberation. Wave breaking and bubble production give rise to transmission loss, reverberation, and ambient noise. Breaker measurements have been conducted on board the research platform NORDSEE. Characteristic signal jumps were recorded by a resistance wire measuring device. Signal analyses and wave approximations resulted in estimates of breaker heights, lengths and momenta. Breakers produce bubbles. Their penetration depths were measured by a towed side scan sonar fish. Statistical relations of bubble penetration depths were deduced