One way or two way globalization?-a double-learning-network framework of Chinese R&D internationalization

In this paper we claim that the phenomenon of R&D internationalization of Chinese firms is an emerging and varied phenomenon. We establish a four-pattern learning model in a double-knowledge-network organization, and propose that both different modes (experiential and cooperative) and different goals (explorative and exploitative) coexist in Chinese R&D internationalization. The evolution of both modes and goals of learning of Chinese MNCs are different from that of the MNCs from developed countries. Our study tends to set the stage for further empirical studies in the causalities and managerial implications.