Evaluation and comparison of different numerical computation methods for the electromagnetic torque in electrical machines

In the numerical analysis of electrical machines, there exist various methods for the computation of electromagnetic torque. Maxwell stress tensor method is the most commonly used for computing torque numerically. However, several other methods have been developed and are being used. In this paper, different numerical methods for torque computation in an electrical machine are reviewed and compared. A complementary method of torque computation, based on the power balance of the electrical machine is studied and used as a reference to assess the accuracy of other torque computation methods.