Nanoparticle patterning on 128-YX-LN substrates: The effects of surface acceleration and boundary layer streaming

Nanoparticle patterning on a vibrating solid surface according to the vibration modes of the solid is the result of extremely high solid surface acceleration and persistent flow beyond the steady boundary layer. The solid surface acceleration magnitude increased proportionally to the square of vibration angular frequency. The tens-of-megahertz frequency cause the surface acceleration to reach to an order of 10⁷ m/s², and thus providing a substantial impact force when a nanoparticle fall on the solid surface. On the other hand, the acoustic radiation pressure and acoustic streaming drag due to the persistent flow beyond the steady boundary layer transport lifted nanoparticles to an adjacent region where the adhesion force overcomes the impact force.