The last barrier: on-chip antennas

This paper has presented a comprehensive overview of on-chip antennas, which remain the last bottleneck for achieving true SoC RF solutions. CMOS remains the mainstream IC technology choice but is not well suited for on-chip antennas, requiring the use of innovative design techniques to overcome its shortcomings. Codesign of circuits and antennas provide leverage to the designer to achieve optimum performance. The layout of on-chip antennas is dictated by foundry specific rules whereas characterization of on-chip antennas requires special text fixtures. For future highly integrated SoC solutions, foundries will have to provide special layers for efficient on-chip antenna implementations, as they currently do for on-chip inductors. In many of the emerging applications such as THz communication, implantable systems and energy harvesting, on-chip antennas have shown immense potential and are likely to play a major role in shaping up future communication systems.