Fully direct write dispenser printed sound emitting smart fabrics

Direct write dispenser printed sound-emitting smart fabrics are reported for creative applications and wearable electronics. Using dispenser printing, sound emission can be easily added to various fabric substrates, from industrial coated architectural fabrics to everyday woven polyester cotton fabrics. Two different types of sound emission have been realised on fabrics: a piezoelectric buzzer and an electromagnetic planar spiral speaker with an external magnet. These two planar sound emitting devices are flexible and simpler than conventional three-dimensional electromagnetic and electrostatic sound emitting devices. Furthermore, the spiral-based planar electromagnetic speakers allow interactive applications by changing the distance between the magnet and the speaker. The theory and the manufacturing technology of the direct write printed fabric buzzer and speaker are reported.