Optimal system reliability: The way forward

US Department of Energy (DOE) and California Energy Commission (CEC) funded research of refineries and petrochemical plants indicates there is very low penetration of accepted industrial technologies that could facilitate increased system reliability and energy savings, along with reduced unscheduled equipment maintenance. The many economic benefits that accrue from the implementation of proven techniques are described, together with practical methods to identify and combat barriers that commonly influence todaypsilas capital projects. Actual situations are used as a basis for the issues raised and the consideration of barriers to the use of adjustable speed drives.