Economic benchmark of charging strategies for battery electric vehicles

This paper investigates a smart charging strategy and a Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) strategy and benchmarks the economic benefits for the eiectric vehicie (EV) owner against a zero-inteiiigence charging strategy in a simuiation-based anaiysis. Smart charging optimizes the timing of charging the EV and V2G additionally allows for reselling electricity to the energy market. The simulations build on more than 11, 400 real driving profiles of German car drivers and the technical specification of three EVs that are currently available on the market or under field testing. This allows for a detailed and realistic analysis of when smart charging and V2G is feasible and whether EVs are suitable to fulfill the historic driving profiles. Hourly electricity prices for EV owners are simulated proportionally to wholesale market prices from the European Energy Exchange (EEX). The results show that smart charging strategies will reduce charging cost by more than 50% in all simulated cases. V2G could provide significant revenues only for a small group of EV owners while resulting in short battery replacement cycles for these EVs.