Notice of RetractionThe Characteristics of Membrane Fouling in Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Operated at Sub-Critical Flux

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

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The characteristics of membrane fouling in an anoxic/oxic (A/O) membrane bioreactor working at sub-critical flux were investigated. The operation results demonstrated that the whole developing course of membrane fouling in the MBR process consisted of three different stages, that is, slow growth stage, fast growth stage and jump stage. For the aeration intensity of 75m³/m².h and the inflow rate of 10L/d, the corresponding increase rates of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) in MBR at each stage was 0.81, 8.6 and 32.5 mbar/d, respectively. Since it is un-benefit for the maintaining of membrane module as MBR are often working under the condition of outrgeous filtration resistance, the time of membrane clean is suggested to be selected at the stage of slow or fast growth of membrane fouling.