Validating the Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 microprocessor

Developing a new leading-edge IA-32 microprocessor is an immensely complicated undertaking, and it should come as no surprise to learn that logic bugs exist in the design. This is particularly true when, as is the case with the Pentium^(R)-4 processor, the microarchitecture is significantly more complex than any previous IA-32 microprocessor and the implementation borrowed almost nothing from any previous implementation. This paper provides data on the bugs that were found prior to initial silicon on the Pentium^(R)-4 processor, and it describes how we went about the task of finding them. We hope that, by sharing our experience and insights, other microprocessor designers and validators will be able to benefit from them. As D. Clark (1990) has remarked, "Finding a bug should be a cause for celebration. Each discovery is a small victory; each marks an incremental improvement in the design".