Propagation into and within buildings at 900, 1800 and 2300 MHz

Investigations of propagation into, and within, buildings at 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz were undertaken. The composite Rayleigh-plus-log-normal distribution successfully modeled the measured cumulative distributions of all measurements. The average measured penetration loss at ground floor level was found to be 14.2, 13.4, and 12.8 dB, respectively, at 900, 1800, and 2300 MHz. The rate of change of penetration loss with height was-1.4, dB per floor. The rate of change of mean signal level for signals traveling within buildings was, on average, 8.5 dB per floor. the path loss attenuation factor, that best modeled the within-building measurement was found to be 5.3, 5.5, and 6.0, respectively, for 900, 1800, and 2300 MHz