The fractionally spaced vector constant modulus algorithm

The vector constant modulus algorithm (VCMA) was previously introduced as an extension of the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) which can equalize data from shaped sources having nearly Gaussian marginal distributions. Some simple changes in the structure of VCMA allow it to be used in fractionally spaced equalizers with their attendant benefits. Although developed with shell mapping in mind, VCMA can also equalize data from other shaping methods such as trellis shaping. Furthermore, the vector modulus concept from VCMA can be successfully applied to other algorithms based on constant modulus criteria, including reduced constellation algorithm (RCA) and multimodulus algorithm (MMA). Simulations have verified all of these results