Wide-Aperture 2-D HF skywave radar beamforming with unknown phase offset between sub-arrays

Sensor systems using a distributed aperture with separately calibrated sub-arrays or elements with different angle-dependent complex response require either elaborate calibration or operation with a beamforming algorithm which compensates for the lack of full aperture calibration. An approach using a variant of adaptive subspace detection algorithms which inherently compensate for unknown scalar offsets between sub-arrays is investigated.