Solitons and microwave crossed-field amplifier characteristics

The soliton approach to crossed-field device dynamics is extended to include all three spatial dimensions, all d.c. magnetic field values, and all operating frequencies. Critical voltages (which are design parameters) are predicted from the theory, and close correlation is shown with experimental data. Phase shift is briefly discussed as supporting evidence of the theoretical predictions. The existence of a maximum d.c. magnetic field for proper operation is also discussed. The applicability of the soliton approach to electron devices in general is discussed with specific emphasis on gyro-twt´s, classical magnetrons, and relativistic magnetrons.