PSO based controller algorithm for optimal allocation & setting of fuel cell in a wind — PV integrated power system for maximizing loadability

Distributed Generators are gaining widespread applications around the world to facilitate the need for expanding generation capacity to meet the increasing load demand. However the integration and high penetration of distributed generations into the power system poses many issues that need to be addressed carefully. The main limiting factors for synchronous operation of distributed generators are voltage and angle instability and grid control authorities are limiting the distributed generator penetration level for maintaining grid stability. This paper attempts to identify the maximum safe system loading, with the integration of distributed generators, by the optimization of grid parameters. In this paper, optimal placement & setting of distributed energy resources (DER) is formulated so as to maximize the system loadability using PSO. The impact of optimal integration using PSO algorithm has been analyzed by studying different system parameters like voltage profile, line flows and real power generation. The application of the scheme is illustrated on a standard IEEE 14-bus system and 220 kV Kerala Grid Practical test system using Newton Raphson power flow method and modal analysis. Results presents the maximum system loadability in percentage, optimal location and setting of distributed energy resources, maximum safe bus loading beyond which system becomes unstable.