Microfabricated microneedles for drug and gene delivery to skin

Microneedles are a relatively recent innovation at the interface of engineering, pharmaceutical and biological science. Microneedle morphology, composition, application protocol, pDNA formulation, reporter system and delivery method are important determinants of gene delivery efficiency. ?? Excised human skin maintained in organ culture provides a valuable tool for the assessment of cutaneous gene expression. ?? Microneedles demonstrate proof-of-princilpe for vaccine and DNA vaccine delivery.