Generalised three-dimensional scattering channel model and its effects on compact multiple-input and multiple-output antenna receiving systems

The development of realistic channel models that can efficiently and accurately describe a wireless propagation channel is a key research area. In this study, a generalised three-dimensional (3D) scattering channel model for land mobile systems is proposed to simultaneously describe the angular arrival of multi-path signals in the azimuth and elevation planes. The model considers a base station located at the centre of a 3D semi-spheroid-shaped scattering region and a mobile station (MS) located within the region. Using this channel model, the authors first derive the closed-form expression for the joint and marginal probability density functions of the angle of arrival and time of arrival measured at the MS corresponding to the azimuth and elevation angles. Next, they derive an expression for the Doppler spectra distribution due to the motion of the MSs. Furthermore, they analyse the performance of multiple-input and multiple-output antenna systems and their numerical results. The results show that the proposed 3D scattering channel model performs better compared with previously proposed 2D models for outdoor and indoor environments. They compare the results with previous scattering channel models and measurement results to validate the generalisation of their model.