Shortwave radiation reflected from the territory of Poland throughout the year as an effect of smoothing soils previously plowed and harrowed

The soil albedo is mainly determined by soil mass constituents stable over a long time, such as organic carbon, carbonates and iron oxides, and is dynamically modified by the roughness and moisture of soil surfaces. Taking into account annual variations in the bare soil area of arable land in Poland extracted from Landsat 8 images, the amount of shortwave radiation reflected from the territory of Poland throughout the year only as an effect of smoothing arable soils previously treated by a plow and a pulverizing harrow was determined. The authors used the equations that predicted the half-diurnal albedo pattern of bare dry soil depending on the contents of soil organic carbon and sand fraction as well as quantitative indices of soil surface roughness.