Level I and level III Electric Vehicle inverter penetrance on municipally operated residential-commercial distribution circuits: Analysis of phase to phase load imbalance compensation potential, ancillary voltage regulation services, and economic due dili

Distribution systems are facing a real but quite slow growth in the penetrance of Plug-in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (PH/EV). Recent studies and small pilot projects going back to the late 1990´s have explored the pros and cons of these distributed potential resources. Current Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) modeling efforts use the IEEE n-bus modeling networks (test feeders) versus actual distribution system models, to test and validate modeling. This work examines the effects of PH/EV penetrance on an actual municipal distribution feeder, including voltage profiles with respect to ANSI C84.1-2011 limits and underground cable ampacity limits, and also investigates the feasibility of replacing voltage regulators and capacitor banks with bi-directional V2G inverters capable of voltage support via reactive injection.