Routing Fault-Tolerance for Heterogeneous WSNs Based on an Immune Cooperative Multi-Particle-Swarm Algorithm

In this paper, we address the fault-tolerant routing problem in a heterogeneous wireless sensor network consisting of several resource-rich supernodes, and large number of energy-constrained sensor nodes. We propose the immune cooperative multi-particle-swarm algorithm (ICMPSA) to provide fast routing recovery method, in order to maintain K disjoint paths from each source node to the nearest supernode, and the available path from supernode to the sink. The key concept of our method is to efficiently repair the broken links between intercluster supernodes or intracluster sensor nodes with less network resources. Performance and analysis results of our ICMPSA based routing fault-tolerant protocol approve that it can provide reliable communication with fast bio-heuristic routing recovery mechanism, thus extend the lifetime of WSNs.