Precision current and charge amplifiers for driving highly capacitive piezoelectric loads

Piezoelectric transducers are known to be highly capacitive loads that exhibit less hysteresis when driven with current or charge rather than voltage. Compliance feedback current and charge amplifiers are introduced. A secondary output voltage feedback loop is employed to prevent DC charging of capacitive loads and to compensate for any voltage or current offsets in the driver circuit. Low frequency bandwidths in the milliHertz range can be achieved.