Toward Multi-Gigabit Wireless: Design of High-Throughput MIMO Detectors With Hardware-Efficient Architecture

This paper presents a hardware-efficient architecture for 4×4 and 8×8 high-throughput MIMO detectors. The adopted non-constant K-best algorithm tends to keep more survival nodes in top search tree layers and reduce computational complexity in bottom layers as opposed to the conventional K-best algorithm. A pipelined architecture is used to generate one detection output per clock cycle, thus meeting multi-gigabit throughput requirements for advanced wireless communication systems. The proposed efficient folding scheme strikes a suitable balance between complexity and throughput. This paper also presents a discussion on the scalability of this architecture with respect to the setting of QAM size, K values, and antenna number. One 4×4 MIMO detector IC has been manufactured and one 8×8 MIMO detector layout has been realized, both in 90-nm CMOS technology. The 4×4 detector IC has 232 kilogates (KG). Its maximum measured throughput is 4.08 Gbps at 170-MHz operating frequency and 1.3-V core voltage. The 8×8 detector has 665 KG. Its post-layout simulation results show that it achieves 4.37-Gbps throughput at 182-MHz operating frequency and 0.9-V core voltage. Compared to earlier hard-output detectors, both implemented detectors demonstrate good normalized power and normalized hardware efficiencies.