Real-Time, In-Line, and Mapping Spectroscopic Ellipsometry for Applications in Cu(In $_{{\bf 1}-{bm x}}$ Ga $</div$

In the scale-up of Cu(In_1-xGa_x)Se₂ (CIGS) solar cell processing for large-area photovoltaics technology, the challenge is to achieve optimum values of layer thicknesses, as well as CIGS Cu stoichiometry and alloy composition x within narrow ranges and simultaneously over large areas. As a result, contactless metrologies - those that provide such information in real-time or in-line process step by step, with the capabilities of large-area mapping - are of great interest in this technology. We have demonstrated high-speed multichannel spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) in a number of modes for CIGS metrology, including 1) single-spot real-time SE monitoring of (In_1-xGa_x)₂Se₃ as the first stage in multisource evaporation of three-stage CIGS; 2) control of Cu stoichiometry in the second and third stages of the process; 3) single-spot in situ SE analysis of alloy composition and grain size averaged through the thickness for the final CIGS film; 4) offline mapping of the CIGS thickness and composition over large areas, as well as mapping after each device fabrication step for correlation with local small area cell performance; 5) ex situ single-spot analysis of alloy composition profiles in CIGS and of completed solar cell stacks to extract thicknesses and properties of semiconductor and contact layers; and 6) predictive capability for quantum efficiency based on the results of SE multilayer analysis. With the future development of new instrumentation, the offline and ex situ capabilities in multilayer analysis and mapping will be possible in-line for both rigid and roll-to-roll flexible substrates.