GEM performance in He, Ne, He+H2 and Ne+H2 at low temperatures

The performance of gas electron multipliers (GEMs) in gaseous He, Ne, He+H₂ and Ne+H₂ was studied at temperatures in the range of 3-293 K. This paper reports on previously published measurements and additional studies on the effects of the purity of the gases in which the GEM performance is evaluated. In He, at temperatures between 77 and 293 K, triple-GEM structures operate at rather high gains, exceeding 1000. There is an indication that this high gain is achieved through the Penning effect as a result of impurities in the gas. At lower temperatures the gain-voltage characteristics are significantly modified probably due to the freeze-out of these impurities. Double-GEM and single-GEM structures can operate down to 3 K at gains reaching only several tens at a gas density of about 0.5 g/l; at higher densities the maximum gain drops further. In Ne, the maximum gain also drops at cryogenic temperatures. The gain drop in Ne at low temperatures can be reestablished in Penning mixtures of Ne+H₂: very high gains, exceeding 10⁴, have been obtained in these mixtures at 30-60 K, at a density of 9.2 g/l which corresponds to saturated Ne vapor density at 27 K. The addition of small amounts of H₂ in He also showed a dramatic increase in the GEM gain above 30 K but no gain was observed in He+H₂ at 4 K and a density of 1.7 g/l. These studies are, in part, being pursued in the development of two-phase He and Ne detectors for solar neutrino detection.