Modelling surface scattering at grazing incidence

The radar cross section from a rough surface becomes very small at grazing incidence, since most part of the energy travels in the forward direction. Therefore, building a model that can estimate it accurately is challenging. Here, a rigorous model is suggested, based on a specific integral formalism. Comparisons with approximate methods have been performed to estimate their range of validity at grazing incidence. The case of sea surface is also investigated.