Coopetition study based on Parrondo´s game model

For research on individuals´ coopetition in biological systems, the author designs a Parrondo´s game model of biotic population, which displays two game relations in the course of individuals´ survival and evolution: (1) zero-sum game among individuals (Game A). Game A represents the interaction mechanism among individuals. In this article, game relations among individuals are defined as the following five patterns: cooperation, competition, inaction, harmony and Matthew. Survival adaptability of the five patterns are observed and studied; (2) negative sum-up game (Game B). Game B has a special structure, i.e. two branches are generated according to the divisibility relations of modulus M, and winning probabilities of the two branches differ. The computer simulation result shows that: (1) Cooperation and competition in any form is adaptive behaviour. Cooperative and competitive behaviour could convert the losing game combination into winning. The positive average population fitness represents the nature that Parrondo´s paradox is counterintuitive. The population totally composed of inactive individuals will be eliminated by nature, hence its negative average fitness. (2) Social efficiency of the harmony pattern is not high, and its average population fitness is relatively low but fair, with high survival rate and balanced distribution of individual fitness. (3) The Matthew pattern brings extreme imbalance in the distribution of individual fitness among the population, resulting in the Matthew Effect of “the rich get richer and the poor get poorer”. And the population survival rate of this pattern is lower.