Noninvasive cardiac output estimation evaluated from spiroergometric stress test

Cardiac output (CO) is one of the most important hemodynamic signals to measure in patients with compromised cardiovascular performance. A variety of cardiac output estimators have been developed over the past hundred years. The estimator evaluated in this paper is based on oxygen uptake measured during exercise to estimate cardiac output and use heart rate (HR) to obtain also stroke volume (SV). Most important is that estimation is noninvasive and can be used during the stress test. The results for well-trained and untrained persons are also shown.