An empirical study on pertinent aspects of sketch maps for navigation

Navigation systems which employ sequence-based directions have been found not effective in facilitating the spatial awareness of an environment. Traditional maps are found easily conveying the configuration of spatial objects but having difficulty to facilitate the correspondence to spatial objects in the real world. Sketch maps as schematic map-like representations, have been suggested being a possible way of achieving goals of facilitating both navigation and spatial awareness. Moreover, sketch maps as externalizations of cognitive maps have been proved as reliable representations for human spatial thinking. In this study, we investigate the characteristics of directions given in two different forms: sketch maps and turn-by-turn instructions (verbal descriptions). The investigation addresses three aspects of spatial relations which are orientation, street topology and sequential order and their representations using qualitative reasoning calculi. The results of this study demonstrate sketch maps as a better direction-giving method and provide insights of applying sketch-map-like components for navigation.