Optical Monitoring and Control of Three-Stage Coevaporated Cu(In $_{bm {1-x}}$ Ga $_{bm x}$ )Se

Real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) has been applied for in situ monitoring and control of thin-film copper-indium-gallium-diselenide, i.e., Cu(In_1-xGa_x)Se₂ (CIGS), deposition by high vacuum coevaporation in the three-stage process used for efficient photovoltaic devices. Initial studies have been performed on a ~0.7-μm CIGS layer deposited on crystal silicon to minimize surface roughness and to develop an accurate structural/ optical model of the Cu-poor-to-Cu-rich and Cu-rich-to-Cu-poor transitions that define the ends of the second (II) and third (III) stages of growth, respectively.With a better understanding of the surface achieved through this model, correlations can be made between the surface state and the unprocessed RTSE data {ψ(t), Δ(t)}. During deposition in the solar cell configuration with 2- μm-thick CIGS on a Mo-coated glass substrate, indications of the Cu poor-to-rich and Cu rich-to-poor transitions appear clearly in {ψ(t), Δ(t)}, enabling direct control of stage II and III transitions. The transition times deduced optically are in good agreement with those identified from the film/substrate emissivity by tracking the substrate heater power. It is clear, however, that RTSE can provide higher sensitivity to these transitions and is, therefore, suitable for improved control of three-stage CIGS deposition.