Managing performance and efficiency of a processor

The performance of a processor generally means how fast it can execute a task. For a given architecture we can measure the size of a task as the number of clock cycles it will take to execute. Then clock frequency (f) will determine the execution time. Normally, the frequency can be raised if the supply voltage V_dd is increased. This, however, increases the power and energy used. We introduce a new measure, cycle efficiency (η) as cycles per joule that gives the rate of computational work per unit energy. Similar to f, η is also a function of V_dd. We provide a method of characterizing a processor in terms of its f and η versus V_dd characteristics. Intel Pentium M processor with an assumed 90nm CMOS PTM (predictive technology model) is used as an example. For a demonstration of performance and energy management, we consider a program that executes in 1.8 billion clock cycles. At the nominal operating supply of 1.2V we have f = 1.8GHz and η = 15 megacycles/joule. The program executes in 1 second and uses 120 joules. For operation at 0.6V, f = 277MHz and η = 70 megacycles/joule, resulting in a run time of 6.5 seconds and consumption of 25 joules. We also find a subthreshold voltage extreme of 200mV, f = 54.5MHz and η = 660 megacycles/joule. Now the program will take 33 seconds but will consume only 2.27 joules. Thus, using cycle efficiency and clock frequency one can manage the time and energy performances according to the requirements of a computing task.