Modeling radio wave propagation in drains

Radio propagation in smaller radio cells is significantly affected by the surrounding environments such as the geometry of buildings, terrain, foliage, and others. In this work, focus is given on radio propagation in environment where drains are present - both covered and partially open. Ray tracing method was utilized to examine the differences between the ground-reflected rays from these two scenarios at 900 MHz. Discussions are given to offer an insight into the propagation of radio wave in drains environment.