Independence of internal models for dynamic and kinematic transformations obtained through simultaneous motor learning

Previous studies have reported that humans can simultaneously adapt their arm reaching movements to both kinematic and dynamic transformations even though the learning sessions are successively occurred. It can be thought that we can memorize the motor experiences independently as multiple internal models which depend on different kinematic parameters, i.e., position, velocity, acceleration, and so on. In the present paper, we investigate whether humans can construct independent internal models through concurrent experiences of kinematic and dynamic transformations. Experimental results suggest that learning both kinematic and dynamic transformations in parallel is possible, and the obtained internal models can be recalled independently.