High-Payload Digital Watermarking Using Radius-Weighted Mean Based on IWT Domain

Based on integer wavelet transform (IWT), the author uses the idea of radius-weighted mean (RWM) and present a high-capacity color image watermarking scheme. More specifically, the Euclidean distance of RWM and centroid is used as the embedding criterion, a watermark is hidden in the low-low (LL) subbnad of IWT domain. To further promote payload size, the criterion of Euclidean norm of RWM is employed in the low-high (LH) and high-low (HL) subbnads of IWT domain. Simulations confirm that the marked images generated by the proposed method are robust against manipulations such as JPEG, JPEG2000, color quantization, cropping, (edge) sharpening, noise additions, blurring, and inversion. In addition, the resultant perceived quality is good while our peak signal-to-noise ratio outperforms existing techniques.