Boundary layer resistance in time domain simulations of the vocal tract

This paper describes how the boundary layer resistance can be considered in time domain simulations of the vocal tract system. The magnitude of the resistance is proportional to the square root of the frequency and is therefore difficult to include in traditional one-dimensional time domain simulations. We propose a method how the resistance can be included in such models based on a discrete representation of the velocity profile in the boundary layer. The boundary layer resistance can be considered as an important factor for high quality articulatory speech synthesis.