A new formulation of state estimation in distribution systems including demand and generation states

Distribution system state estimation faces a major difficulty: the lack of real-time measurements. This imposes to add information, usually pseudo-measurements from historical data. This paper proposes a different, novel formulation of state estimation relying on the classification of loads into components (e.g. residential, commercial, etc.) and accounting for dispersed generation. The approach “by-passes” the use of pseudo-measurements by expressing the medium-voltage bus injections as functions of a small number of active power components at low-voltage level, treated as additional state variables. The injections at medium-voltage buses become equality constraints. A procedure to identify the above functions is detailed, which takes advantage of data collected by smart meters.