Space, time and electromagnetic fields

Electromagnetic fields associate energy with the structure of space and time, so that space and time jointly are constituents of the physical effects. The algebra of differential forms is well-suited to the description of such fields and greatly clarifies the processes, whereas the more usual vector algebra can lead to confusion and contradictions. The use of differential forms also points the way to simple methods of computation based on the geometrical shape of the fields rather than on the solution of differential equations. Amongst other advantages the geometrical methods provide upper and lower bounds for the system energy