Performance characterization of polarimetric active radar calibrators and a new single antenna design

Several topics associated with the use of a polarimetric active radar calibrator (PARC), which is a high radar-cross-section transponder with a known scattering matrix, are addressed. The first involves experimental measurements of the magnitudes and phases of the scattering-matrix elements of a pair of PARCs that operate at 1.25 GHz and 5.3 GHz. The measurements were conducted over a wide range of incidence angles (relative to the boresight direction) in the azimuth, elevation, 45°, and 135° planes. The 5.3-GHz PARC, which consisted of two antennas placed several wavelengths apart, exhibited symmetrical patterns with no ripples and excellent isolation between orthogonal polarization channels. The 1.25-GHz PARC, whose antennas were in very close proximity to one another, exhibited unsymmetrical patterns as well as ripples in the phase patterns, thereby introducing errors in the elements of the scattering matrix. To avoid this problem, a single-antenna PARC is designed,, using an orthomode transducer. The single-target calibration technique is extended so that it applies to the use of a PARC as well as reciprocal passive calibration devices such as spheres and trihedral corner reflectors