Analysis of high-impedance fault generated signals using a Kalman filtering approach

High-impedance faults are accompanied by variations in the 60 Hz and harmonic components. An approach that accounts for the time-varying nature of the fundamental and harmonic components is developed. This approach is based on Kalman-filtering theory to obtain the best estimation of the time variations of the fundamental and harmonic components. Four actual recorded data sets for staged arcing fault on different types of soil are investigated by the proposed Kalman-filtering technique. The time variations of fundamental and low-order harmonic components significantly contribute to high-impedance fault detection using the features presented