Dynamic Equilibrium Cycling in Discontinuously Controlled Electric Process Heating

Open-and closed-loop discontinuously controlled electric process heating and similar electrothermal processes are represented by analog, equation, and block diagram. Dynamic equilibrium cycling and its performance indexes are studied. The error due to process transit delay is corrected by integral feedback or by a new feedforward technique. Temperature differential is reduced by auxiliary feedback from the electric heating apparatus or from a new simple first-derivative transducer. Portions of the dynamic equilibrium cycle can be prolonged by using a new simple second-derivative transducer.