Implications of frequency control bias settings on interconnected system operation and inadvertent energy accounting

Practices for inadvertant energy and time error correction have been discussed in the literature. A description of these practices is presented from the interconnection point of view by considering the resulting constrained coupling effects between control areas. Partial implementations of decomposition theory are suggested as practical solutions to the iniquities and deficiencies of scheme presented here. An implementation scheme for phasing-in decomposition accounting, which can be voluntary, by area, is suggested and explained. An argument is made for an official and essentially constant annual value of frequency bias to be used for decomposition. The frequency bias used in area control error need not be constant or necessarily equal to the decomposition parameter