Microprocessor applications to substation control and protection

Some of the characteristics of microprocessor applications introduced over the last ten years are surveyed, and the specific benefits received from these uses are pointed out. The focus is on specific design issues that illustrate some of the design characteristics and advantages achieved by using microprocessors. Specific examples related to the development of distance relays, distribution feeder monitoring and protection systems, and integrated control and protection systems for high-voltage substations are discussed.<>