The Simultaneous Measurement of Gain and Noise Using Only Noise Generators

The gain and noise of a linear two-port device can be measured simultaneously using two noise generators as the only signal sources. While this method is usable for measuring all linear two-port devices except those with high loss, it is particularly convenient for low-gain devices, for which it replaces three conventional measurements. The terms "minimum output temperature" and "standard output temperature" are introduced.