• DocumentCode
    903559
  • Title

    Radio wave reflections from large horizontal gradients in the topside ionosphere

  • Author

    Clark, W.L., Jr. ; McAfee, J.R. ; Norton, R.B. ; Warnock, J.M.

  • Author_Institution
    Aeronomy Laboratory, ESSA Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colo.
  • Volume
    57
  • Issue
    4
  • fYear
    1969
  • fDate
    4/1/1969 12:00:00 AM
  • Firstpage
    493
  • Lastpage
    496
  • Abstract
    Radio wave echoes due to total reflection from the edge of large-scale depressions of electron density are observed by topside sounding satellites. The resulting traces on swept-frequency ionograms have a minimum frequency which is the nose of a loop-shaped trace. The nose frequency and the shape of the traces depend upon the distribution of electron density in the depression and the location of the sounder relative to the sides of the depression.
  • Keywords
    Acoustic propagation; Acoustic reflection; Delay effects; Electromagnetic propagation; Electromagnetic scattering; Electrons; Frequency; Ionosphere; Laboratories; Nose;
  • fLanguage
    English
  • Journal_Title
    Proceedings of the IEEE
  • Publisher
    ieee
  • ISSN
    0018-9219
  • Type

    jour

  • DOI
    10.1109/PROC.1969.7004
  • Filename
    1448934