DocumentCode :
905181
Title :
Ionospheric irregularities observed by topside sounders
Author :
Calvert, W. ; Warnock, J.M.
Author_Institution :
Environmental Science Services Administration Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colo.
Volume :
57
Issue :
6
fYear :
1969
fDate :
6/1/1969 12:00:00 AM
Firstpage :
1019
Lastpage :
1025
Abstract :
Topside sounders observe electron-density irregularities in the ionosphere with dimensions of hundreds of meters to many kilometers across the magnetic field. Most irregularities are elongated and may extend thousands of kilometers along the field. The variation of electron density is normally a few percent or less. The irregularities tend to occur in patches, in which the individual irregularities vary greatly in size. Irregularities can produce radio echoes by scattering, ducting, or complex refraction, depending on their dimensions. The different kinds of echoes produce different characteristic patterns on topside ionograms, and therefore irregularities in various size ranges may be distinguished and studied.
Keywords :
Acoustic propagation; Acoustic scattering; Delay; Electrons; Extraterrestrial measurements; Frequency; Ionosphere; Magnetic fields; Pulse measurements; Satellite broadcasting;
fLanguage :
English
Journal_Title :
Proceedings of the IEEE
Publisher :
ieee
ISSN :
0018-9219
Type :
jour
DOI :
10.1109/PROC.1969.7146
Filename :
1449076
Link To Document :
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